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Though Elbaite occurs in all color forms, the term Elbaite in the gemstone trade is sometimes used to describe the green form of Tourmaline. The other color forms of Elbaite have their own variety names on the gem market. Traditional Tourmaline gemstone variety names include Rubellite, the red or pink variety, Indicolite, the blue variety, and Watermelon Tourmaline, a multicolored Tourmaline of green and red. More recently coined Tourmaline variety names include Chrome Tourmaline and Paraiba Tourmaline. A recent trend in the gem market is to prefix Tourmaline gemstones by the color designation as opposed to variety name, such that "Rubellite" is now more often called "Red Tourmaline".
The value of Tourmaline has a very large range. The more common forms can be fairly inexpensive, but the rarer and more exotic colors can command very high prices.
The most expensive and valuable form of Tourmaline is the rare neon-blue form known by the trade name Paraiba Tourmaline. Paraiba Tourmaline was first discovered in a gem pegmatite in the Brazilian state of Paraiba in 1989. This new Tourmaline became extremely popular in a very short time, and the cost for this rare Tourmaline became astronomically high due to short supply. Small deposits of Tourmaline of similar color to Paraiba Tourmaline were also recently found in Nigeria and Mozambique, and these are often also called "Paraiba Tourmaline" in the gem trade. Other valuable forms of Tourmaline are Chrome Tourmaline, an intense-green Tourmaline found in Tanzania, Rubellite, the pink to red variety, and Indicolite, the rare blue variety.
Multicolored stones are truly a gemological wonder, as their beauty and uniqueness are unparalleled. An interesting form of multicolored tourmaline, adequately called Watermelon Tourmaline, has a red center surrounded by a green outer layer (or vice versa). When used as a gem, Watermelon Tourmaline is green on one side and red on the other. Schorl, a common black Tourmaline, is fairly inexpensive.
All colored Tourmaline gems display pleochroism, meaning their color changes when viewed at different angles. In some Tourmaline gems, this effect is hardly noticeable, while in others it is strongly apparent. Gemstone cutters must take this into account when cutting a Tourmaline, so that the finished gem brings out its best color.
As mentioned above, virtually all Tourmaline gemstones are of the Elbaite type. Schorl, Dravite, and Liddicoatite are occasionally used as gemstones. Schorl, known as "Black Tourmaline" makes a dark, opaque, yet shiny black gemstone. Dravite is almost always brownish in color, and usually opaque. However, transparent forms do occasionally occur, and these can be used as rare brown gemstones. Dark brown Dravite may be heat-treated to lighten its dark color. Liddicoatite occurs in a great variety of colors and in excellent multicolored forms, but is too rare to be used
extensively as a gemstone.
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Tourmaline of all colors are faceted into gems for jewelry, but the red, green, blue, and multicolored stones, especially watermelon, are the most popular. Tourmaline can be found in fairly large transparent crystals, and these can produce very large exquisite and flawless gemstones. Tourmaline is used as a large pendant stone, in bracelets, rings, and earrings. Lesser quality stones are cut into cabochons, and are also polished into beads and used in bracelets and necklaces. Pink and green Tourmalines from certain localities contain tiny, parallel inclusions, causing them to display a strong cat's eye effect when polished. Such stones are often cut as cabochons and called "Cats' Eye Tourmaline" . Some pink, green, and multicolored Tourmalines are also carved into ornamental figures and carvings.
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Heat treatment can enhance the color of some Tourmalines. Some
greenish stones can be made deep green, some brownish-red stones can be
made red, and some light pink stones can be made colorless through
heating. The color of some light colored stones can also be made into a
deeper hue, and dark, transparent Dravite can be made lighter.
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Important deposits of Tourmaline are in Afghanistan, Pakistan, Russia, Burma (Myanmar), Sri Lanka (Ceylon), and the United States (California and Maine). Several African countries have recently become big producers of gem Tourmaline, specifically Madagascar, Namibia, Mozambique, Tanzania, Nigeria, and Malawi.
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Because of all the different colors of Tourmaline, it can be confused with numerous gemstones. The most prevalent Tourmaline gemstone colors and those they can be confused with are listed below:
Green Tourmaline - Emerald, Peridot, Demantoid, and Tsavorite.
Red Tourmaline - Ruby, Spinel, Garnet.
Pink Tourmaline - Kunzite, Spinel, Pink Topaz, Morganite, Pink Sapphire.
Blue Tourmaline - Aquamarine, Blue Topaz, Sapphire, Zircon.
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